[Federal Register: October 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 194)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 51197-51246] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr05oc01-55] [[pp. 51197-51246]] Control of Emissions From Nonroad Large Spark Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines (Marine and Land-Based) [[Continued from page 51196]] [[Page 51197]] showing emission levels at or below the standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) through (c). (b) Your engine family does not comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing emission levels above the standards from Sec. 1048.101(a) through (c) for any pollutant. (c) To compare emission levels from the test engine with the emission standards, apply deterioration factors to the measured emission levels. The deterioration factor is a number that shows the relationship between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and at the low-hour test point. Specify the deterioration factors based on emission measurements, using three decimal places. Deterioration factors must be consistent with emission increases observed from in-use testing with similar engines (see subpart E of this part). Small-volume manufacturers may use assigned deterioration factors established by EPA. Apply the deterioration factors as follows: (1) For engines that use aftertreatment technology, such as catalytic converters, the deterioration factor is the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of useful life to exhaust emissions at the low- hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by multiplying the measured emissions by the deterioration factor. If the factor is less than one, use one. (2) For engines that do not use aftertreatment technology, the deterioration factor is the difference between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by adding the factor to the measured emissions. If the factor is less than zero, use zero. (d) After adjusting the emission levels for deterioration, round them to the same number of decimal places as the standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each test engine. Sec. 1048.245 What records must I keep and make available to EPA? (a) Organize and maintain the following records to keep them readily available; we may review these records at any time: (1) A copy of all applications and any summary information you sent us. (2) Any of the information we specify in Sec. 1048.205 that you did not include in your application. (3) A detailed history of each emission-data engine. In each history, describe all of the following: (i) The test engine's construction, including its origin and buildup, steps you took to ensure that it represents production engines, any components you built specially for it, and all emission- related components. (ii) How you accumulated engine operating hours, including the dates and the number of hours accumulated. (iii) All maintenance (including modifications, parts changes, and other service) and the dates and reasons for the maintenance. (iv) All your emission tests, including documentation on routine and standard tests, as specified in part 1065 of this chapter, and the date and purpose of each test. (v) All tests to diagnose engine or emission-control performance, giving the date and time of each and the reasons for the test. (vi) Any other significant events. (b) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in paragraph (a) of this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. (c) Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. (d) Send us copies of any engine maintenance instructions or explanations if we ask for them. Sec. 1048.250 When may EPA deny, revoke, or void my certificate of conformity? (a) We may deny your application for certification if your emission-data engines fail to comply with emission standards or other requirements. Our decision may be based on any information available to us. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing. (b) In addition, we may deny your application or revoke your certificate if you do any of the following: (1) Refuse to comply with any testing or reporting requirements. (2) Submit false or incomplete information (paragraph (d) of this section applies if this is fraudulent). (3) Render inaccurate any test data. (4) Deny us from completing authorized activities despite our presenting a warrant or court order (see Sec. 1068.20 of this chapter). (5) Produce engines for importation into the United States at a location where local law prohibits us from carrying out authorized activities. (c) We may void your certificate if you do not keep the records we require or do not give us information when we ask for it. (d) We may void your certificate if we find that you committed fraud to get it. This means intentionally submitting false or incomplete information. (e) If we deny your application or revoke or void your certificate, you may ask for a hearing (see Sec. 1048.720). Any such hearing will be limited to substantial and factual issues. Subpart D--Testing Production-line Engines Sec. 1048.301 When must I test my production-line engines? (a) If you produce engines that are subject the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. (b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for certain engine families if your production-line engines do not meet emission standards or you do not fulfill your obligations under this subpart (see Secs. 1048.325 and 1048.340). (c) The requirements of this part do not affect our ability to do selective enforcement audits, as described in part 1068 of this chapter. (d) You may ask to use an alternate program for testing production- line engines. In your request, you must show us that the alternate program gives equal assurance that your production-line engines meet the requirements of this part. If we approve your alternate program, we may waive some or all of this part's requirements. (e) If you certify an engine family with carryover emission data, as described in Sec. 1048.235(c), and these equivalent engine families consistently meet the emission standards with production-line testing over the preceding two-year period, you may ask for a reduced testing rate for further production-line testing for that family. The minimum testing rate is one engine per engine family. If we reduce your testing rate, we may limit our approval to a single model year. (f) We may ask you to make a reasonable number of production-line engines available for a reasonable time so we can test or inspect them for compliance with the requirements of this part. Sec. 1048.305 How must I prepare and test my production-line engines? (a) Test procedures. Test your production-line engines using either the steady-state or transient testing procedures in subpart F of this part to show you meet the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101 (a) or (b), respectively. We may require you to test engines using the transient testing procedures to show [[Page 51198]] you meet the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(b). (b) Modifying a test engine. Once an engine is selected for testing (see Sec. 1048.310), you may adjust, repair, prepare, or modify it or check its emissions only if one of the following is true: (1) You document the need for doing so in your procedures for assembling and inspecting all your production engines and make the action routine for all the engines in the engine family. (2) This subpart otherwise specifically allows your action. (3) We approve your action in advance. (c) Engine malfunction. If an engine malfunction prevents further emission testing, ask us to approve your decision to either repair the engine or delete it from the test sequence. (d) Setting adjustable parameters. Before any test, we may adjust or require you to adjust any adjustable parameter to any setting within its physically adjustable range. (1) We may adjust idle speed outside the physically adjustable range as needed until the engine has stabilized emission levels (see paragraph (e) of this section). We may ask you for information needed to establish an alternate minimum idle speed. (2) We may make or specify adjustments within the physically adjustable range by considering their effect on emission levels, as well as how likely it is someone will make such an adjustment with in- use engines. (e) Stabilizing emission levels. Before you test production-line engines, you may operate the engine to stabilize the emission levels. Using good engineering judgment, operate your engines in a way that represents the way production engines will be used. You may operate each engine for no more than the greater of two periods: (1) 50 hours. (2) The number of hours you operated your emission-data engine for certifying the engine family (see 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E). (f) Damage during shipment. If shipping an engine to a remote facility for production-line testing makes necessary an adjustment or repair, you must wait until after the after the initial emission test to do this work. We may waive this requirement if the test would be impossible or unsafe, or if it would permanently damage the engine. Report to us, in your written report under Sec. 1048.345, all adjustments or repairs you make on test engines before each test. (g) Retesting after invalid tests. You may retest an engine if you determine an emission test is invalid. Explain in your written report reasons for invalidating any test and the emission results from all tests. If you retest an engine and, within ten days after testing, ask to substitute results of the new tests for the original ones, we will answer within ten days after we receive your information. Sec. 1048.310 How must I select engines for production-line testing? (a) Use test results from two engines for each engine family to calculate the required sample size for the model year. Update this calculation with each test. (b) Early in each calendar quarter, randomly select and test two engines from the end of the assembly line for each engine family. (c) Calculate the required sample size for each engine family. Separately calculate this figure for HC+NOX and for CO. The required sample size is the greater of these two calculated values. Use the following equation: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.003 Where: N = Required sample size for the model year. t95 = 95% confidence coefficient, which depends on the number of tests completed, n, as specified in the table in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. It defines 95% confidence intervals for a one- tail distribution. x = Mean of emission test results of the sample. STD = Emission standard. = Test sample standard deviation (see paragraph (c)(2) of this section). (1) Determine the 95% confidence coefficient, t95, from the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ n t95 n t95 n t95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 6.31 12 1.80 22 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2.92 13 1.78 23 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.35 14 1.77 24 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 2.13 15 1.76 25 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 2.02 16 1.75 26 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 1.94 17 1.75 27 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 1.90 18 1.74 28 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 1.86 19 1.73 29 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 1.83 20 1.73 30+ 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1.81 21 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Calculate the standard deviation, , for the test sample using the following formula: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.004 Where: Xi = Emission test result for an individual engine. n = The number of tests completed in an engine family. (d) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equations in paragraph (c) of this section (see Sec. 1048.315(a)). (e) After each new test, recalculate the required sample size using the updated mean values, standard deviations, and the appropriate 95% confidence coefficient. [[Page 51199]] (f) Distribute the remaining engine tests evenly throughout the rest of the year. You may need to adjust your schedule for selecting engines if the required sample size changes. Continue to randomly select engines from each engine family; this may involve testing engines that operate on different fuels. (g) Continue testing any engine family for which the sample mean, x, is greater than the emission standard. This applies if the sample mean for either HC+NOX or for CO is greater than the emission standard. Continue testing until one of the following things happens: (1) The sample size, n, for an engine family is greater than the required sample size, N, and the sample mean, x, is less than or equal to the emission standard. (2) The engine family does not comply according to Sec. 1048.325. (3) You test 30 engines from the engine family. (4) You test one percent of your projected annual U.S.-directed production volume for the engine family. (5) You choose to declare that the engine family does not comply with emission standards. (h) You may elect to test more randomly chosen engines than we require. Include these engines in the sample size calculations. Sec. 1048.315 How do I know when my engine family does not comply? (a) Calculate your test results. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standard expressed to one more decimal place. (1) Initial and final test results. Calculate and round the test results for each engine. If you do several tests on an engine, calculate the initial test results, then add them together and divide by the number of tests and round for the final test results on that engine. (2) Final deteriorated test results. Apply the deterioration factor for the engine family to the final test results (see Sec. 1048.240(c)). (b) Construct the following CumSum Equation for each engine family (for HC+NOX and for CO emissions): Ci = Ci-1 + Xi - (STD + F) Where: Ci = The current CumSum statistic. Ci-1 = The previous CumSum statistic. Prior to any testing, the CumSum statistic is 0 (i.e. C0 = 0). Xi = The current emission test result for an individual engine. STD = Emission standard. F = 0.25 x (c) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equation in paragraph (b) of this section (see Sec. 1048.315(a)). (d) After each new test, recalculate the CumSum statistic. (e) If you test more than the required number of engines, include the results from these additional tests in the CumSum Equation. (f) After each test, compare the current CumSum statistic, Ci, to the recalculated Action Limit, H, defined as H = 5.0 x . (g) If the CumSum statistic exceeds the Action Limit in two consecutive tests, the engine family does not comply with the requirements of this part. Tell us within ten working days if this happens. (h) If you amend the application for certification for an engine family (see Sec. 1048.225), do not change any previous calculations of sample size or CumSum statistics for the model year. Sec. 1048.320 What happens if one of my production-line engines fails to meet emission standards? (a) If you have a production-line engine with final deteriorated test results exceeding one or more emission standards (see Sec. 1048.315(a)), the certificate of conformity is automatically suspended for that failing engine. You must take the following actions before your certificate of conformity can cover that engine: (1) Correct the problem and retest the engine to show it complies with all emission standards. (2) Include in your written report a description of the test results and the remedy for each engine (see Sec. 1048.345). (b) You may at any time ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1048.720). Sec. 1048.325 What happens if an engine family does not comply? (a) We may suspend your certificate of conformity for an engine family if it fails to comply under Sec. 1048.315. The suspension may apply to all facilities producing engines from an engine family, even if you find noncompliant engines only at one facility. (b) We will tell you in writing if we suspend your certificate in whole or in part. We will not suspend a certificate until at least 15 days after the engine family became noncompliant. The suspension is effective when you receive our notice. (c) Up to 15 days after we suspend the certificate for an engine family, you may ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1048.720). If we agree before a hearing that we used erroneous information in deciding to suspend the certificate, we will reinstate the certificate. Sec. 1048.330 May I sell engines from an engine family with a suspended certificate of conformity? You may sell engines that you produce after we suspend the engine family's certificate of conformity under Sec. 1048.315 only if one of the following occurs: (a) You test each engine you produce and show it complies with emission standards that apply. (b) We conditionally reinstate the certificate for the engine family. We may do so if you agree to recall all the affected engines and remedy any noncompliance at no expense to the owner if later testing shows that the engine family still does not comply. Sec. 1048.335 How do I ask EPA to reinstate my suspended certificate? (a) Send us a written report asking us to reinstate your suspended certificate. In your report, identify the reason for noncompliance, propose a remedy, and commit to a date for carrying it out. In your proposed remedy include any quality control measures you propose to keep the problem from happening again. (b) Give us data from production-line testing that shows the remedied engine family complies with all the emission standards that apply. Sec. 1048.340 When may EPA revoke my certificate under this subpart and how may I sell these engines again? (a) We may revoke your certificate for an engine family in the following cases: (1) You do not meet the reporting requirements. (2) Your engine family fails to meet emission standards and your proposed remedy to address a suspended certificate under Sec. 1048.325 is inadequate to solve the problem or requires you to change the engine's design or emission-control system. (b) To sell engines from an engine family with a revoked certificate of conformity, you must modify the engine family and then show it complies with the requirements of this part. (1) If we determine your proposed design change may not control emissions for the engine's full useful life, we will tell you within five working days after receiving your report. In this case we will decide whether production-line testing will be enough for us to evaluate the change or whether you need to do more testing. (2) Unless we require more testing, you may show compliance by testing production-line engines as described in this subpart. [[Page 51200]] (3) We will issue a new or updated certificate of conformity when you have met these requirements. Sec. 1048.345 What production-line testing records must I send to EPA? (a) Within 30 calendar days of the end of each calendar quarter, send us a report with the following information: (1) Describe any facility used to test production-line engines and state its location. (2) State the total U.S.-directed production volume and number of tests for each engine family. (3) Describe how you randomly selected engines. (4) Describe your test engines, including the engine family's identification and the engine's model year, build date, model number, identification number, and number of hours of operation before testing for each test engine. (5) Identify where you accumulated hours of operation on the engines and describe the procedure and schedule you used. (6) Provide the test number; the date, time and duration of testing; test procedure; initial test results before and after rounding; final test results; and final deteriorated test results for all tests. Provide the emission results for all measured pollutants. Include information for both valid and invalid tests and the reason for any invalidation. (7) Describe completely and justify any nonroutine adjustment, modification, repair, preparation, maintenance, or test for the test engine if you did not report it separately under this subpart. Include the results of any emission measurements, regardless of the procedure or type of equipment. (8) Provide the CumSum analysis required in Sec. 1048.315 for each engine family. (9) Report on each failed engine as described in Sec. 1048.320. (10) State the date the calendar quarter ended for each engine family. (b) We may ask you to add information to your written report, so we can determine whether your new engines conform with the requirements of this subpart. (c) An authorized representative of your company must sign the following statement: We submit this report under Sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our production-line testing conformed completely with the requirements of 40 CFR part 1048. We have not changed production processes or quality-control procedures for the engine family in a way that might affect the emission control from production engines. All the information in this report is true and accurate, to the best of my knowledge. I know of the penalties for violating the Clean Air Act and the regulations. (Authorized Company Representative) (d) Send electronic reports of production-line testing to the Designated Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver. (e) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. We will not release information about your sales or production volumes, which we will consider confidential under 40 CFR part 2. Sec. 1048.350 What records must I keep? (a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time, so it is important to keep required information readily available. (b) Keep paper records of your production-line testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in Sec. 1048.345. (d) Keep the following additional records: (1) A description of all test equipment for each test cell that you can use to test production-line engines. (2) The names of supervisors involved in each test. (3) The name of anyone who authorizes adjusting, repairing, preparing, or modifying a test engine and the names of all supervisors who oversee this work. (4) If you shipped the engine for testing, the date you shipped it, the associated storage or port facility, and the date the engine arrived at the testing facility. (5) Any records related to your production-line tests that are not in the written report. (6) A brief description of any significant events during testing not otherwise described in the written report or in this section. (e) If we ask, you must give us projected or actual production figures for an engine family. We may ask you to divide your production figures by power rating, displacement, fuel type, or assembly plant (if you produce engines at more than one plant). (f) Keep a list of engine identification numbers for all the engines you produce under each certificate of conformity. Give us this list within 30 days if we ask for it. (g) We may ask you to keep or send other information necessary to implement this subpart. Subpart E--Testing In-Use Engines Sec. 1048.401 What testing requirements apply to my engines that have gone into service? (a) If you produce engines that are subject to the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. This generally involves testing engines in the field or removing them for measurement in a laboratory. (b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for an engine family if in-use testing shows that the family fails to meet emission standards (see Sec. 1048.420) or if you do not meet your obligations under this part. You may use averaging, banking, or trading of in-use emission credits to show that an engine family meets the standards (see Sec. 1048.415). (c) We may approve an alternate plan for showing that in-use engines comply with the requirements of this part if one of the following is true: (1) You produce 200 or fewer engines per year in the selected engine family. (2) Removing the engine from most of the applications for that engine family causes significant, irreparable damage to the equipment. (3) You identify a unique aspect of your engine applications that keeps you from doing the required in-use testing. (d) Independent of your responsibility to test in-use engines, we may choose at any time to do our own testing of your in-use engines. Sec. 1048.405 How does this program work? (a) You must test in-use engines from the families we select. We may select up to 25 percent of your engine families in any model year-- or one engine family if you have three or fewer families. We will select engine families for testing before the end of the model year. When we select an engine family for testing, we may specify that you preferentially test engines based on fuel type or equipment type. In addition, we may identify specific modes of operation or sampling times. (b) You may choose to test additional engine families that we do not select. You must explain to us your rationale and propose a testing plan if you want to generate in-use emission credits from this testing (see Sec. 1048.415). You may begin testing these engines 30 days after you propose your testing plan or after we approve it, whichever comes first. (c) Send us an in-use testing plan within 12 calendar months after we direct you to test a particular engine [[Page 51201]] family. Complete the testing within 24 calendar months after we approve your plan. (d) You may need to test engines from more than one model year at a given time. Sec. 1048.410 How must I select, prepare, and test my in-use engines? (a) You may make arrangements to select representative test engines from your own fleet or from other independent sources. (b) For the selected engine families, select engines that you or your customers have-- (1) Operated for at least 50 percent of the engine family's useful life (see Sec. 1048.101(d)); (2) Not maintained or used in an abnormal way; and (3) Documented in terms of total hours of operation, maintenance, operating conditions, and storage. (c) Use the following methods to determine the number of engines you must test in each engine family: (1) Test at least two engines if you produce 2,000 or fewer engines in the model year from all engine families, or if you produce 500 or fewer engines from the selected engine family. Otherwise, test at least four engines. (2) If you successfully complete an in-use test program on an engine family and later certify an equivalent engine family with carryover emission data, as described in Sec. 1048.235(c), then test at least one engine instead of the testing rates in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (3) If you test the minimum required number of engines and all comply fully with emission standards, you may stop testing. (4) For each engine that fails any applicable standard, test two more. Regardless of measured emission levels, you do not have to test more than ten engines in an engine family. You may do more tests than we require. (5) You may concede that the engine family does not comply before testing a total of ten engines. (d) You may do minimal maintenance to set components of a test engine to specifications for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter (see Sec. 1048.205(m)). Limit maintenance to what is in the owner's instructions for engines with that amount of service and age. Document all maintenance and adjustments. (e) Do at least one valid emission test for each test engine. (f) For a test program on an engine family, choose one of the following methods to test your engines: (1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. Use the applicable steady-state and transient procedures in subpart F of this part to show compliance with the duty-cycle standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) and (b). We may direct you to measure emissions on the dynamometer using the supplemental test procedures in Sec. 1048.515 to show compliance with the field-testing standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). (2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. Use the field testing procedures in subpart F of this part. Measure emissions during normal operation of the equipment to show compliance with the field-testing standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). We may direct you to include specific areas of normal operation. (g) You may ask us to waive parts of the prescribed test procedures if they are not necessary to determine in-use compliance. (h) Calculate the average emission levels for an engine family from the results for the set of tested engines. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standards expressed to one more decimal place. Sec. 1048.415 How can I use in-use emission credits? (a) You may include all engines subject to this part in the voluntary in-use credit program; however, you may generate or use emission credits under this program only if you measure emissions using the transient duty-cycle procedures in Subpart F of this part. (b) If your average emission level for a family is lower than the emission standard, you may generate positive emission credits for any of three purposes: (1) Averaging. Use these emission credits for averaging in the same model year. If you want to test other engine families to generate additional credits, file your request and plan with us for approval (See Sec. 1048.405). (2) Banking. Reserve a positive balance of unused credits at the end of the model year for banking and then ``withdraw'' them for a later model year. (3) Trading. Sell your banked credits to another manufacturer or a broker for engines that are also subject to the requirements of this part. A manufacturer may use purchased credits for averaging, banking, or further trading. (c) You may use emission credits for banking or trading beginning 30 days after you submit the last report required for a model year. We may correct any errors in calculating banked credits, but we may revoke some or all in-use emission credits if we discover problems or errors in calculating or reporting them. (d) If your average emission level for a family is higher than the emission standard, you must calculate the negative or required credits for that engine family and use positive emission credits to offset them. You have until the date of the last report required for a model year to complete credit exchanges, so you can show a zero or positive credit balance. (e) You may not generate positive emission credits for an engine family if it has an average emission level higher than the emission standard for any other pollutant. (f) In-use emission credits expire after three model years. For example, emission credits you generate with 2007 model year engines are available for showing compliance with 2010 model year engines, but not with 2011 model year engines. (g) For in-use emission credit trading that results in a negative credit balance, both the buyer and seller are liable, except in cases involving fraud. If a credit buyer is not responsible for causing the negative credit balance, the buyer is only liable to supply additional credits equivalent to any amount of invalid credits involved. If your engine families are involved in a negative trade, we order you to recall those engines. (h) Calculate positive and negative emission credits according to the following equation and round the results to the nearest metric ton: CREDITS = SALES x (STD - CL) x POWER x AF x LF x UL x 10-6 Where: CREDITS = Emission credits in metric tons. SALES = The number of eligible sales, tracked to the point of first retail sale in the U.S., for the given engine family during the model year. STD = The emission standard in g/kW-hr. CL = Average emission level for an in-use testing family in g/kW-hr. UL= Useful life in hours (see Sec. 1048.101(d)). POWER = The sales-weighted average rated power for an engine family in kW. LF = Load factor or fraction of rated engine power utilized in use; use 0.50 for constant-speed engines and 0.32 for all other engines. AF = Adjustment factor for the number of tests you do, as shown in the table in paragraph (i) of this section; this factor is 1.0 if the engine family has an average emission level higher than the emission standard for any pollutant. [[Page 51202]] (i) Use the following table for the adjustment factor in the equation in paragraph (h) of this section: Table 1 of Sec. 1048.415.--Adjustment Factors for In-use Credit Calculation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Adjustment factor for Number of engines tested positive credits ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.......................................................... 0.56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6.......................................................... 0.68 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.......................................................... 0.74 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8.......................................................... 0.81 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.......................................................... 0.86 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10+........................................................ 0.90 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sec. 1048.420 What happens if my in-use engines do not meet requirements? (a) Determine the reason each in-use engine exceeds the emission standards. (b) If the average emission levels calculated in Sec. 1048.410(h) exceed any of the emission standards that apply, the engine family is noncompliant. Section 1048.415 describes how you can use in-use averaging, banking, or trading to show that your engine families comply with the standards. Determine the reasons any engine family does not comply and notify us within fifteen days of completing testing on this family. (c) If you voluntarily test more engine families and these engines do not comply with emission standards, you must treat the family as though it failed under the in-use testing program we direct. (d) You may voluntarily recall an engine family for emission failures, as described in Sec. 1068.535 of this chapter, unless we have ordered a recall for that family under Sec. 1068.505 of this chapter. (e) We will consider failure rates, average emission levels, and any defects--among other things--to decide on taking remedial action under this subpart. We may order a recall before or after you complete testing of an engine family if we determine a substantial number of engines do not conform to section 213 of the Act or to this part. (f) You have the right to a hearing before we suspend or revoke your engine family's certificate of conformity (see Sec. 1048.720). Sec. 1048.425 What in-use testing information must I report to EPA? (a) In a report to us within three months after you finish testing an engine family, do all the following: (1) Identify the engine family, model, serial number, and date of manufacture. (2) For each engine inspected or considered for testing, identify whether the diagnostic system was functioning. (3) Describe the specific reasons for disqualifying any engines for not being properly maintained or used. (4) For each engine selected for testing, include the following information: (i) Estimate the hours each engine was used before testing. (ii) Describe all maintenance, adjustments, modifications, and repairs to each test engine. (5) State the date and time of each test attempt. (6) Include the results of all emission testing, including incomplete or invalidated tests, if any. (b) Notify us separately of any engine families that do not meet emission standards, as described in Sec. 1048.420. (c) If you participate in the in-use credit program, send us a report within 90 days after completing all in-use testing for the model year. If we do not receive this report on time, we will treat the results of your in-use testing without considering credits. Include required information in your report and show the calculated credits from all your in-use testing for the model year. (d) If you or we determine a previous report had errors, you must recalculate your credits. We will void any erroneous positive credits and may adjust any erroneous negative credits. Do not recalculate your credits when you update your sales information for in-use testing, unless you made an error in estimating the number of engines you export. (e) Send electronic reports of in-use testing to the Designated Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver. (f) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. We will not release information about your sales or production volumes, which is all we will consider confidential. (g) We may ask for more information. Sec. 1048.430 What records must I keep? (a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time, so it is important to keep required information readily available. (b) Keep paper records of your in-use testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in Sec. 1048.425. (d) Keep the following additional records: (1) Documents used in the procurement process. (2) Required records for the in-use credit program described in Sec. 1048.415 if you participate in it. Subpart F--Test Procedures Sec. 1048.501 What procedures must I use to test my engines? (a) Use the equipment and procedures for spark-ignition engines in part 1065 of this chapter to show your engines meet the duty-cycle emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) and (b). Measure HC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions using the dilute sampling procedures in part 1065 of this chapter. Use the applicable duty cycles in Secs. 1048.505 and 1048.510. (b) We describe in Sec. 1048.515 the supplemental procedures for showing that your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). (c) Use the fuels specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C, for all the testing and service accumulation we require in this part. (d) You may use special or alternate procedures, as described in Sec. 1065.10 of this chapter. (e) We may reject data you generate using alternate procedures if later testing with the procedures in part 1065 of this chapter shows contradictory emission data. Sec. 1048.505 What steady-state duty cycles apply for laboratory testing? (a) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one or both of the following sets of steady-state duty cycles: (1) Use the 5-mode duty cycle described in the following table if you certify an engine family for operation only at a single, rated speed: [[Page 51203]] Table 1 of Sec. 1048.505.--5-Mode Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Engines \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum time in Weighting Mode No. Engine speed Torque mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1....................................... Maximum test................... 100 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2....................................... Maximum test................... 75 5.0 0.25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3....................................... Maximum test................... 50 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4....................................... Maximum test................... 25 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5....................................... Maximum test................... 10 5.0 0.10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ This duty cycle is analogous to the D2 cycle specified in ISO 8178-4. (2) Use the 7-mode duty cycle described in the following table for engines from an engine family that will be used only in variable-speed applications: Table 2 of Sec. 1048.505.--7-Mode Duty Cycle \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum Observed time in Weighting Mode No. Engine speed torque \2\ mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1....................................... Maximum test speed............. 25 5.0 0.06 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 100 5.0 0.02 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 75 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 50 5.0 0.32 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 25 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 10 5.0 0.10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7....................................... Idle........................... 0 5.0 0.15 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ This duty cycle is analogous to the C2 cycle specified in ISO 8178-4. \2\ The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at the given engine speed. (3) Use both of the duty cycles described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section if you will not restrict an engine family to constant-speed or variable-speed applications. (b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the duty cycles that apply for that engine family. (c) During idle mode, operate the engine with the following parameters: (1) Hold the speed within your specifications. (2) Keep the throttle fully closed. (3) Keep engine torque under 5 percent of the peak torque value at maximum test speed. (d) For the full-load operating mode, operate the engine at its maximum fueling rate. (e) See part 1065 of this chapter for detailed specifications of tolerances and calculations. Sec. 1048.510 What transient duty cycles apply for laboratory testing? (a) Starting with the 2007 model year, measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one of the following transient duty cycles: (1) If you certify an engine family for constant-speed operation only, use the transient duty-cycle described in Appendix I of this part. (2) For all other engines, use the transient duty-cycle described in Appendix II of this part. (b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the duty cycle that applies for that engine family. (c) To warm up the engine, operate it for the first 180 seconds of the appropriate duty cycle, then allow it to idle without load for 30 seconds. At the end of the 30-second idling period, start measuring emissions as the engine operates over the prescribed duty cycle. Sec. 1048.515 Field-testing procedures. (a) This section describes the procedures to show that your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). These procedures may include any normal engine operation and ambient conditions that the engines may experience in use. Paragraph (c) of this section defines the limits of what we will consider normal engine operation and ambient conditions. Measure emissions with one of the following procedures. (1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. This generally involves the same equipment and sampling methods we specify in Sec. 1048.501(a). You can use the engine dynamometer to simulate normal operation, as described in this section. (2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. Part 1065, subpart J, of this chapter describes the equipment and sampling methods for testing engines in the field. Use fuel meeting the specifications of Sec. 1065.210 of this chapter or a fuel typical of what you would expect the engine to use in service. (b) Use the test procedures we specify in Sec. 1048.501, except for the provisions we specify in this section. (c) To comply with the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c), an engine's [[Page 51204]] emissions may not exceed the levels we specify in Sec. 1048.101(c) for any continuous sampling period of at least 120 seconds under the following ranges of operation and operating conditions: (1) Engine operation during the emission sampling period may include any normal operation, subject to the following restrictions: (i) Average power must be over 5 percent of rated power. (ii) Continuous time at idle must not be greater than 120 seconds. (iii) The sampling period may not begin until the engine has reached stable operating temperatures. For example, this would exclude engine operation after starting until the thermostat starts modulating coolant temperature. (iv) The sampling period may not include engine starting. (v) For gasoline-fueled engines, operation at 90 percent or more of maximum power must be less than 10 percent of the total sampling time. You may request our approval for a different power threshold. (2) Engine testing may occur under any normal conditions without correcting measured emission levels, subject to the following restrictions: (i) Barometric pressure must be between 600 and 775 mm Hg. (ii) Ambient air temperature must be between 13 deg. and 35 deg. C. Subpart G--Compliance Provisions Sec. 1048.601 What compliance provisions apply to these engines? Engine and equipment manufacturers, as well as owners, operators, and rebuilders of these engines, and all other persons, must observe the requirements and prohibitions in part 1068 of this chapter. The compliance provisions in this subpart apply only to the engines we regulate in this part. Sec. 1048.605 What are the provisions for exempting engines from the requirements of this part if they are already certified under the motor-vehicle program? (a) This section applies to you if you are an engine manufacturer. See Sec. 1048.610 if you are not an engine manufacturer. (b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply to an engine that is exempt under this section are in this section. (c) If you meet all the following criteria regarding your new engine, it is exempt under this section: (1) You must produce it by modifying an engine covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 86. (2) You must not make any changes to the certified engine that we could reasonably expect to increase its exhaust or evaporative emissions. For example, if you make any of the following changes to one of these engines, you do not qualify for this exemption: (i) Change any fuel system or evaporative system parameters from the certified configuration (this does not apply to refueling emission controls). (ii) Change any other emission-related components. (iii) Modify or design the engine cooling system so that temperatures or heat rejection rates are outside the original engine manufacturer's specified ranges. (3) You must make sure the engine still has the label we require under 40 CFR part 86. (4) You must make sure that fewer than 50 percent of the engine model's total sales, from all companies, are used in nonroad applications.. (d) If you produce both the engine and vehicle under this exemption, you must do all of the following to keep the exemption valid: (1) Make sure the original engine label is intact. (2) Add a permanent supplemental label to the engine in a position where it will remain clearly visible after installation in the equipment. In your engine label, do the following: (i) Include the heading: ``Nonroad Engine Emission Control Information''. (ii) Include your full corporate name and trademark. (iii) State: ``THIS ENGINE WAS ADAPTED FOR NONROAD USE WITHOUT AFFECTING ITS EMISSION CONTROLS.''. (iv) State the date you finished modifying the engine (month and year). (3) Make sure the original and supplemental labels are readily visible after the engine is installed in the equipment or, if equipment obscures the engine's labels, make sure the equipment manufacturer attaches duplicate labels, as described in Sec. 1068.105 of this chapter. (4) Send the Designated Officer a signed letter by the end of each calendar year (or less often if we tell you) with all the following information: (i) Identify your full corporate name, address, and telephone number. (ii) List the engine models you expect to produce under this exemption in the coming year. (iii) State: ``We produce each listed engine model for nonroad application without making any changes that could increase its certified emission levels, as described in 40 CFR 1048.605.''. (e) If your engines do not meet the criteria listed in paragraph (c) of this section, they will be subject to the standards and prohibitions of this part. Producing these engines without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.101 of this chapter. (f) If you are the original manufacturer of both the highway and nonroad versions of an exempted engine, you must send us emission test data on the applicable nonroad duty cycle(s) (see Secs. 1048.505 and 1048.510). You may include the data in your application for certification or in your letter requesting the exemption. (g) If you are the original manufacturer of an exempted engine that is modified by another company under this exemption, we may require you to send us emission test data on the applicable nonroad duty cycle(s). If we ask for this data, we will allow a reasonable amount of time to collect it. (h) Make sure the engine exempted under this section meets all applicable requirements from 40 CFR part 86. This applies to engine manufacturers, equipment manufacturers who use these engines, and all other persons as if these engines were used in a motor vehicle. Sec. 1048.610 What are the provisions for producing nonroad equipment with engines already certified under the motor-vehicle program? If you are not an engine manufacturer, you may produce nonroad equipment from complete or incomplete motor vehicles with the motor vehicle engine if you meet three criteria: (a) The engine or vehicle is certified to 40 CFR part 86. (b) The engine is not adjusted outside the manufacturer's specifications. (c) The engine or vehicle is not modified in any way that may affect its emission control. This applies to exhaust and evaporative emission controls, but not refueling emission controls. Sec. 1048.615 What are the provisions for exempting engines designed for lawn and garden applications? This section is intended for engines designed for lawn and garden applications, but it applies to any engines meeting the size criteria in paragraph (a) of this section. (a) If an engine meets all the following criteria, it is exempt from the requirements of this part: (1) The engine must have a total displacement of 1,000 cc or less. (2) The engine must have a rated power at or below 30 kW. (3) The engine must be in an engine family that has a valid certificate of conformity showing that it meets emission standards for Class II engines under 40 CFR part 90. [[Page 51205]] (b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply to an engine that is exempt under this section are in this section. (c) If your engines do not meet the criteria listed in paragraph (a) of this section, they will be subject to the provisions of this part. Producing these engines without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.101 of this chapter. (d) Engines exempted under this section are subject to all the requirements affecting engines under 40 CFR part 90. The requirements and restrictions of 40 CFR part 90 apply to anyone manufacturing these engines, anyone manufacturing equipment that uses these engines, and all other persons in the same manner as if these engines had a total rated power at or below 19 kW. Subpart H--Definitions and Other Reference Information Sec. 1048.701 What definitions apply to this part? The following definitions apply to this part. The definitions apply to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms have the meaning the Act gives to them. The definitions follow: Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access) and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing or normal in-use operation. Aftertreatment means relating to any system, component, or technology mounted downstream of the exhaust valve or exhaust port whose design function is to reduce exhaust emissions. Aircraft means any vehicle capable of sustained air travel above treetop heights. All-terrain vehicle means a nonroad vehicle with three or more wheels and a seat, designed for operation over rough terrain and intended primarily for transportation. This includes both land-based and amphibious vehicles. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature, engine rpm, motive speed, transmission gear, atmospheric pressure, manifold pressure or vacuum, or any other parameter to activate, modulate, delay, or deactivate the operation of any part of the emission-control system. This also includes any other feature that causes in-use emissions to be higher than those measured under test conditions, except as we allow under this part. Auxiliary marine engine means a marine engine not used for propulsion. Blue Sky Series engine means an engine meeting the requirements of Sec. 1048.140. Broker means any entity that facilitates a trade of emission credits between a buyer and seller. Calibration means the set of specifications and tolerances specific to a particular design, version, or application of a component or assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range. Certification means obtaining a certificate of conformity for an engine family that complies with the emission standards and requirements in this part. Compression-ignition means relating to a type of reciprocating, internal-combustion engine that is not a spark-ignition engine. Constant-speed engine means an engine governed to operate at a single speed. Crankcase emissions means airborne substances emitted to the atmosphere from any part of the engine crankcase's ventilation or lubrication systems. The crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft and other related internal parts. Designated Officer means the Manager, Engine Programs Group (6403- J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20460. Emission-control system means any device, system, or element of design that controls or reduces the regulated emissions from an engine. Emission-data engine means an engine that is tested for certification. Emission-related maintenance means maintenance that substantially affects emissions or is likely to substantially affect emissions deterioration. Engine family means a group of engines with similar emission characteristics, as specified in Sec. 1048.230. Engine manufacturer has the meaning given in section 216(1) of the Act. In general, this term includes any person who manufactures an engine for sale in the United States or otherwise introduces a new engine into commerce in the United States. This includes importers. Fuel system means all components involved in transporting, metering, and mixing the fuel from the fuel tank to the combustion chamber(s), including the fuel tank, fuel tank cap, fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel lines, carburetor or fuel-injection components, and all fuel-system vents. Good engineering judgment has the meaning we give it in Sec. 1068.5 of this chapter. High-cost warranted part means a component covered by the emission- related warranty with a replacement cost (at the time of certification) exceeding $400 (in 1998 dollars). Adjust this value using the most recent annual average consumer price index information published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. For this definition, replacement cost includes the retail cost of the part plus labor and standard diagnosis. Hydrocarbon (HC) means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type. For gasoline- and LPG-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon (THC). For natural gas-fueled engines, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC). For alcohol-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE). Identification number means a unique specification (for example, model number/serial number combination) that allows someone to distinguish a particular engine from other similar engines. Intermediate test speed has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.515 of this chapter. Marine engine means an engine that someone installs or intends to install on a marine vessel. Marine vessel means a vehicle that is capable of operation in water but is not capable of operation out of water. Amphibious vehicles are not marine vessels. Maximum test torque has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.1000 of this chapter. Maximum test speed has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.515 of this chapter. Model year means one of the following things: (1) For freshly manufactured engines (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (1)), model year means one of the following: (i) Calendar year. (ii) Your annual new model production period if it is different than the calendar year. This must include January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named. It may not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year and it must end by December 31 of the named calendar year. (2) For an engine that is converted to a nonroad engine after being placed into service in a motor vehicle, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (2)). [[Page 51206]] (3) For a nonroad engine excluded under Sec. 1048.5 that is later converted to operate in an application that is not excluded, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (3)). (4) For engines that are not freshly manufactured but are installed in new nonroad equipment, model year means the calendar year in which the engine is installed in the new nonroad equipment (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (4)). (5) For an engine modified by an importer (not the original engine manufacturer) who has a certificate of conformity for the imported engine (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (5)), model year means one of the following: (i) The calendar year in which the importer finishes modifying and labeling the engine. (ii) Your annual production period for producing engines if it is different than the calendar year; follow the guidelines in paragraph (1)(ii) of this definition. (6) For an engine you import that does not meet the criteria in paragraphs (1) through (5) of the definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' model year means the calendar year in which the manufacturer completed the original assembly of the engine. In general, this applies to used equipment that you import without conversion or major modification. Motor vehicle has the meaning we give in Sec. 85.1703(a) of this chapter. In general, motor vehicle means a self-propelled vehicle that can transport one or more people or any material, but doesn't include any of the following: (1) Vehicles having a maximum ground speed over level, paved surfaces no higher than 40 km per hour (25 miles per hour). (2) Vehicles that lack features usually needed for safe, practical use on streets or highways--for example, safety features required by law, a reverse gear (except for motorcycles), or a differential. (3) Vehicles whose operation on streets or highways would be unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely. Examples are vehicles with tracks instead of wheels, very large size, or features associated with military vehicles, such as armor or weaponry. New nonroad engine means any of the following things: (1) A freshly manufactured nonroad engine for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An engine originally manufactured as a motor vehicle engine that is later intended to be used in a piece of nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (3) A nonroad engine that has been previously placed into service in an application we exclude under Sec. 1048.5, where that engine is installed in a piece of equipment for which these exclusions do not apply. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (4) An engine not covered by paragraphs (1) through (3) of this definition that is intended to be installed in new nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives a title for the equipment or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (5) An imported nonroad engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part, where someone other than the original manufacturer modifies the engine after its initial assembly and holds the certificate. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (6) An imported nonroad engine that is not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation. New nonroad equipment means either of the following things: (1) A nonroad vehicle or other piece of equipment for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The product is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An imported nonroad piece of equipment with an engine not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation and manufactured after the date for applying the requirements of this part. Noncompliant engine means an engine that was originally covered by a certificate of conformity, but is not in the certified configuration or otherwise does not comply with the conditions of the certificate. Nonconforming engine means an engine not covered by a certificate of conformity that would otherwise be subject to emission standards. Nonmethane hydrocarbon means the difference between the emitted mass of total hydrocarbons and the emitted mass of methane. Nonroad means relating to nonroad engines. Nonroad engine has the meaning given in Sec. 1068.25 of this chapter. In general this means all internal-combustion engines except motor vehicle engines, stationary engines, or engines used solely for competition. This part does not apply to all nonroad engines (see Sec. 1048.5). Off-highway motorcycle means a two-wheeled vehicle with a nonroad engine and a seat (excluding marine vessels and aircraft). Note: highway motorcycles are regulated under 40 CFR part 86. Oxides of nitrogen means nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO were in the form of NO2 (assume a molecular weight for oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2). Placed into service means used for its intended purpose. Propulsion marine engine means a marine engine that moves a vessel through the water or directs the vessel's movement. Rated power means the maximum power an engine produces at maximum test speed. Revoke means to discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we revoke a certificate, you must apply for a new certificate before continuing to produce the affected vehicles or engines. This does not apply to vehicles or engines you no longer possess. Round means to round numbers according to ASTM E29-93a, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1048.710), unless otherwise specified. Scheduled maintenance means adjusting, repairing, removing, disassembling, cleaning, or replacing components or systems that is periodically needed to keep a part from failing or malfunctioning. It also may mean actions you expect are necessary to correct an overt indication of failure or malfunction for which periodic maintenance is not appropriate. Snowmobile means a vehicle designed to operate outdoors only over snow-covered ground, with a maximum width of 1.5 meters or less. Spark-ignition means relating to a type of engine with a spark plug (or other sparking device) and with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle. Spark- ignition engines usually use a throttle to regulate intake air flow to control power during normal operation. Stationary engine means an internal combustion engine that is neither a nonroad engine, nor a motor-vehicle engine, nor an engine used solely for competition (see the definition of nonroad engine in Sec. 1068.25 of this [[Page 51207]] chapter). In general this includes fixed engines and all portable or transportable engines that stay in a single site at a building, structure, facility, or installation for at least a full year; this does not include an engine installed in equipment that has the ability to propel itself. For year-round sources, a full year is 12 consecutive months. For seasonal sources, a full year is a full annual operating period of at least three months. A seasonal source is a site with engines operating only part of the year for at least two consecutive years. If you replace an engine with one that does the same or similar work in the same place, you may apply the previous engine's service to your calculation for residence time. Stoichiometry means the proportion of a mixture of air and fuel such that the fuel is fully oxidized with no remaining oxygen. For example, stoichiometric combustion in gasoline engines typically occurs at an air-fuel mass ratio of about 14.7. Suspend means to temporarily discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we suspend a certificate, you may not sell vehicles or engines from that engine family unless we reinstate the certificate or approve a new one. Test engine means an engine in a test sample. Test sample means the collection of engines selected from the population of an engine family for emission testing. Total hydrocarbon means the combined mass organic compounds measured by our total hydrocarbon test procedure, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. Total hydrocarbon equivalent means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as petroleum-fueled engine hydrocarbons. The hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. Ultimate buyer means ultimate purchaser. Ultimate purchaser means, with respect to any new nonroad equipment or new nonroad engine, the first person who in good faith purchases such new nonroad equipment or new nonroad engine for purposes other than resale. United States means the States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. U.S.-directed production volume means the number of engine units, subject to the requirements of this part, produced by a manufacturer for which the manufacturer has a reasonable assurance that sale was or will be made to ultimate buyers in the Unites States. Useful life means the period during which the engine is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as a number of hours of operation or calendar years. It is the period during which a new engine is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. Void means to invalidate a certificate or an exemption. If we void a certificate, all the vehicles produced under that engine family for that model year are considered noncompliant, and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the certificate and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. If we void an exemption, all the vehicles produced under that exemption are considered uncertified (or nonconforming), and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the exemption and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. You may not produce any additional vehicles using the voided exemption. Volatile liquid fuel means any fuel other than diesel or biodiesel that is a liquid at atmospheric pressure. Sec. 1048.705 What symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations does this part use? The following symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations apply to this part: deg.C degrees Celsius. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials. cc cubic centimeters. CO carbon monoxide. CO2 carbon dioxide. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. g/kW-hr grams per kilowatt-hour. LPG liquefied petroleum gas. m meters. mm Hg millimeters of mercury. NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons. NOX oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2). rpm revolutions per minute. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers. SI spark-ignition. THC total hydrocarbon. THCE total hydrocarbon equivalent. U.S.C. United States Code. Sec. 1048.710 What materials does this part reference? We have incorporated by reference the documents listed in this section. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference as prescribed in 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Anyone may inspect copies at U.S. EPA, OAR, Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460 or Office of the Federal Register, 800 N. Capitol St., NW, 7th Floor, Suite 700, Washington, DC. (a) ASTM material. Table 1 of Sec. 1048.710 lists material from the American Society for Testing and Materials that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the sections of this part where we reference it. The second column is for information only and may not include all locations. Anyone may receive copies of these materials from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Table 1 follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1048.710.--ASTM Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Document No. and name Part reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ASTM E29-93a, Standard Practice for Using 1048.240, 1048.315, Significant Digits in Test Data to 1048.345, 1048.410, Determine Conformance with Specifications. 1048.415 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) ISO material. Table 2 of Sec. 1048.710 lists material from the International Organization for Standardization that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the section of this part where we reference it. The second column is for information only and may not be all-inclusive. Anyone may receive copies of these materials from International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH- 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1048.710.--ISO Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Document No. and name Part 1048 reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ISO 9141-2 February 1994, Road vehicles-- 1048.110 Diagnostic systems Part 2. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ISO 14230-4 June 2000, Road vehicles-- 1048.110 Diagnostic systems--KWP 2000 requirements for emission-related systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sec. 1048.715 How should I request EPA to keep my information confidential? (a) Clearly show what you consider confidential by marking, circling, bracketing, stamping, or some other [[Page 51208]] method. We will store your confidential information as described in 40 CFR part 2. Also, we will disclose it only as specified in 40 CFR part 2. (b) If you send us a second copy without the confidential information, we will assume it contains nothing confidential whenever we need to release information from it. (c) If you send us information without claiming it is confidential, we may make it available to the public without further notice to you, as described in Sec. 2.204 of this chapter. Sec. 1048.720 How do I request a public hearing? (a) File a request for a hearing with the Designated Officer within 15 days of a decision to deny, suspend, revoke, or void your certificate. If you ask later, we may give you a hearing for good cause, but we do not have to. (b) Include the following in your request for a public hearing: (1) State which engine family is involved. (2) State the issues you intend to raise. We may limit these issues, as described elsewhere in this part. (3) Summarize the evidence supporting your position and state why you believe this evidence justifies granting or reinstating the certificate. (c) We will hold the hearing as described in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart F. Appendix I to Part 1048--Transient Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Engines The following table shows the transient duty-cycle for constant- speed engines, as described in Sec. 1048.510: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Normalized Normalized Time(s) speed (in torque (in percent) percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1....................................... 58 5 2....................................... 58 5 3....................................... 58 5 4....................................... 58 5 5....................................... 58 5 6....................................... 58 5 7....................................... 58 5 8....................................... 58 5 9....................................... 58 5 10...................................... 58 5 11...................................... 58 5 12...................................... 65 8 13...................................... 72 9 14...................................... 79 12 15...................................... 86 14 16...................................... 93 16 17...................................... 93 16 18...................................... 93 16 19...................................... 93 16 20...................................... 93 16 21...................................... 93 16 22...................................... 93 16 23...................................... 93 16 24...................................... 93 31 25...................................... 93 30 26...................................... 93 27 27...................................... 93 23 28...................................... 93 24 29...................................... 93 21 30...................................... 93 20 31...................................... 93 18 32...................................... 93 16 33...................................... 93 18 34...................................... 93 16 35...................................... 93 17 36...................................... 93 20 37...................................... 93 20 38...................................... 93 22 39...................................... 93 20 40...................................... 93 17 41...................................... 93 17 42...................................... 93 17 43...................................... 93 16 44...................................... 93 18 45...................................... 93 18 46...................................... 93 21 47...................................... 93 21 48...................................... 93 18 49...................................... 94 24 50...................................... 93 28 51...................................... 93 23 52...................................... 93 19 53...................................... 93 20 54...................................... 93 20 55...................................... 93 29 56...................................... 93 23 57...................................... 93 25 58...................................... 93 23 59...................................... 93 23 60...................................... 93 23 61...................................... 93 22 62...................................... 93 21 63...................................... 93 22 64...................................... 93 30 65...................................... 93 33 66...................................... 93 25 67...................................... 93 29 68...................................... 93 27 69...................................... 93 23 70...................................... 93 21 71...................................... 93 21 72...................................... 93 19 73...................................... 93 20 74...................................... 93 24 75...................................... 93 23 76...................................... 93 21 77...................................... 93 44 78...................................... 93 34 79...................................... 93 28 80...................................... 93 37 81...................................... 93 29 82...................................... 93 27 83...................................... 93 33 84...................................... 93 28 85...................................... 93 22 86...................................... 96 30 87...................................... 95 25 88...................................... 95 17 89...................................... 95 13 90...................................... 95 10 91...................................... 95 9 92...................................... 95 8 93...................................... 95 7 94...................................... 95 7 95...................................... 95 6 96...................................... 95 6 97...................................... 93 37 98...................................... 93 35 99...................................... 93 29 100..................................... 93 23 101..................................... 93 23 102..................................... 93 21 103..................................... 93 20 104..................................... 93 29 105..................................... 93 27 106..................................... 93 26 107..................................... 93 35 108..................................... 93 43 109..................................... 95 35 110..................................... 95 24 111..................................... 95 17 112..................................... 95 13 113..................................... 95 10 114..................................... 95 9 115..................................... 95 8 116..................................... 95 7 117..................................... 95 7 118..................................... 95 6 119..................................... 93 36 120..................................... 93 30 121..................................... 93 25 122..................................... 93 21 123..................................... 93 22 124..................................... 93 19 125..................................... 93 34 126..................................... 93 36 127..................................... 93 31 128..................................... 93 26 129..................................... 93 27 130..................................... 93 22 131..................................... 93 22 132..................................... 93 18 133..................................... 93 18 134..................................... 93 19 135..................................... 93 19 136..................................... 93 23 137..................................... 93 22 138..................................... 93 20 139..................................... 93 23 140..................................... 93 20 141..................................... 93 18 142..................................... 93 18 143..................................... 93 16 144..................................... 93 19 145..................................... 94 25 146..................................... 93 30 147..................................... 93 29 148..................................... 93 23 149..................................... 93 24 150..................................... 93 22 151..................................... 94 20 152..................................... 93 17 153..................................... 93 16 154..................................... 93 16 155..................................... 93 15 156..................................... 93 17 157..................................... 93 18 158..................................... 93 20 159..................................... 93 21 160..................................... 93 18 161..................................... 93 17 162..................................... 92 54 163..................................... 93 38 164..................................... 93 29 165..................................... 93 24 166..................................... 93 24 167..................................... 93 24 168..................................... 93 23 [[Page 51209]] 169..................................... 93 20 170..................................... 93 20 171..................................... 93 18 172..................................... 93 19 173..................................... 93 19 174..................................... 93 16 175..................................... 93 16 176..................................... 93 16 177..................................... 93 18 178..................................... 93 21 179..................................... 93 20 180..................................... 93 20 181..................................... 93 17 182..................................... 93 19 183..................................... 93 17 184..................................... 93 18 185..................................... 93 16 186..................................... 93 16 187..................................... 93 16 188..................................... 93 17 189..................................... 93 16 190..................................... 93 17 191..................................... 93 18 192..................................... 93 17 193..................................... 93 16 194..................................... 93 17 195..................................... 93 17 196..................................... 93 22 197..................................... 93 19 198..................................... 93 19 199..................................... 95 21 200..................................... 95 16 201..................................... 95 12 202..................................... 95 10 203..................................... 96 8 204..................................... 96 7 205..................................... 95 7 206..................................... 96 7 207..................................... 95 6 208..................................... 96 6 209..................................... 96 6 210..................................... 88 6 211..................................... 89 48 212..................................... 93 34 213..................................... 93 27 214..................................... 93 26 215..................................... 93 25 216..................................... 93 22 217..................................... 93 23 218..................................... 93 21 219..................................... 93 21 220..................................... 93 23 221..................................... 93 23 222..................................... 93 23 223..................................... 93 23 224..................................... 93 23 225..................................... 93 22 226..................................... 93 22 227..................................... 93 24 228..................................... 93 23 229..................................... 93 23 230..................................... 93 21 231..................................... 93 20 232..................................... 93 20 233..................................... 93 20 234..................................... 93 22 235..................................... 93 26 236..................................... 93 22 237..................................... 93 20 238..................................... 93 18 239..................................... 93 22 240..................................... 93 20 241..................................... 94 27 242..................................... 93 22 243..................................... 93 23 244..................................... 93 21 245..................................... 93 22 246..................................... 95 22 247..................................... 95 16 248..................................... 95 12 249..................................... 95 10 250..................................... 95 9 251..................................... 95 8 252..................................... 96 7 253..................................... 95 7 254..................................... 95 6 255..................................... 92 42 256..................................... 93 36 257..................................... 93 33 258..................................... 92 60 259..................................... 93 48 260..................................... 93 36 261..................................... 93 30 262..................................... 93 28 263..................................... 93 24 264..................................... 93 24 265..................................... 93 23 266..................................... 93 23 267..................................... 93 25 268..................................... 93 27 269..................................... 93 29 270..................................... 93 26 271..................................... 93 26 272..................................... 93 21 273..................................... 93 23 274..................................... 93 23 275..................................... 94 23 276..................................... 93 40 277..................................... 94 67 278..................................... 93 46 279..................................... 93 38 280..................................... 93 29 281..................................... 93 28 282..................................... 93 27 283..................................... 93 29 284..................................... 93 28 285..................................... 94 34 286..................................... 93 31 287..................................... 93 30 288..................................... 94 42 289..................................... 93 31 290..................................... 93 29 291..................................... 93 27 292..................................... 93 23 293..................................... 93 23 294..................................... 93 20 295..................................... 93 20 296..................................... 93 23 297..................................... 93 23 298..................................... 93 24 299..................................... 93 25 300..................................... 93 20 301..................................... 93 25 302..................................... 93 23 303..................................... 93 23 304..................................... 93 24 305..................................... 93 28 306..................................... 93 23 307..................................... 93 24 308..................................... 93 34 309..................................... 93 31 310..................................... 93 35 311..................................... 93 31 312..................................... 93 32 313..................................... 93 31 314..................................... 93 30 315..................................... 93 23 316..................................... 93 23 317..................................... 93 36 318..................................... 93 32 319..................................... 93 25 320..................................... 93 31 321..................................... 93 33 322..................................... 93 31 323..................................... 93 27 324..................................... 93 24 325..................................... 93 19 326..................................... 96 21 327..................................... 96 16 328..................................... 95 12 329..................................... 95 10 330..................................... 95 8 331..................................... 95 8 332..................................... 95 7 333..................................... 95 7 334..................................... 95 6 335..................................... 95 6 336..................................... 95 6 337..................................... 87 6 338..................................... 57 6 339..................................... 58 6 340..................................... 58 6 341..................................... 58 6 342..................................... 58 6 343..................................... 58 6 344..................................... 58 6 345..................................... 58 6 346..................................... 58 6 347..................................... 58 6 348..................................... 58 6 349..................................... 58 6 350..................................... 58 6 351..................................... 58 6 352..................................... 95 73 353..................................... 93 65 354..................................... 93 52 355..................................... 93 38 356..................................... 93 30 357..................................... 93 31 358..................................... 93 26 359..................................... 93 21 360..................................... 93 22 361..................................... 93 26 362..................................... 93 23 363..................................... 93 19 364..................................... 93 27 365..................................... 93 42 366..................................... 93 29 367..................................... 94 25 368..................................... 94 26 369..................................... 94 29 370..................................... 93 28 371..................................... 93 23 372..................................... 93 21 373..................................... 93 26 374..................................... 93 23 375..................................... 93 20 376..................................... 94 23 377..................................... 93 18 378..................................... 93 19 379..................................... 93 23 380..................................... 93 19 381..................................... 93 16 382..................................... 93 25 383..................................... 93 22 384..................................... 93 20 [[Page 51210]] 385..................................... 93 25 386..................................... 94 28 387..................................... 93 23 388..................................... 93 23 389..................................... 93 25 390..................................... 93 23 391..................................... 93 20 392..................................... 93 19 393..................................... 93 24 394..................................... 93 20 395..................................... 93 18 396..................................... 93 21 397..................................... 95 22 398..................................... 96 16 399..................................... 96 12 400..................................... 95 10 401..................................... 96 9 402..................................... 95 8 403..................................... 96 7 404..................................... 96 7 405..................................... 96 6 406..................................... 96 6 407..................................... 95 6 408..................................... 91 6 409..................................... 58 6 410..................................... 58 6 411..................................... 58 6 412..................................... 58 6 413..................................... 58 6 414..................................... 58 6 415..................................... 58 6 416..................................... 58 6 417..................................... 58 6 418..................................... 58 6 419..................................... 58 6 420..................................... 58 6 421..................................... 58 6 422..................................... 58 6 423..................................... 58 6 424..................................... 58 6 425..................................... 58 6 426..................................... 58 6 427..................................... 58 6 428..................................... 58 6 429..................................... 58 6 430..................................... 58 6 431..................................... 58 6 432..................................... 58 6 433..................................... 58 6 434..................................... 58 6 435..................................... 58 6 436..................................... 58 6 437..................................... 58 6 438..................................... 58 6 439..................................... 58 6 440..................................... 58 6 441..................................... 58 6 442..................................... 58 6 443..................................... 93 66 444..................................... 93 48 445..................................... 93 40 446..................................... 93 34 447..................................... 93 28 448..................................... 93 23 449..................................... 93 28 450..................................... 93 27 451..................................... 93 23 452..................................... 93 19 453..................................... 93 25 454..................................... 93 24 455..................................... 93 22 456..................................... 93 31 457..................................... 93 36 458..................................... 93 28 459..................................... 93 25 460..................................... 93 35 461..................................... 93 34 462..................................... 93 29 463..................................... 93 37 464..................................... 93 36 465..................................... 93 38 466..................................... 93 31 467..................................... 93 29 468..................................... 93 34 469..................................... 93 36 470..................................... 93 34 471..................................... 93 31 472..................................... 93 26 473..................................... 93 21 474..................................... 94 16 475..................................... 96 19 476..................................... 96 15 477..................................... 95 11 478..................................... 96 10 479..................................... 95 8 480..................................... 95 7 481..................................... 95 7 482..................................... 96 7 483..................................... 96 6 484..................................... 96 6 485..................................... 95 6 486..................................... 85 6 487..................................... 56 74 488..................................... 93 52 489..................................... 93 42 490..................................... 93 36 491..................................... 93 35 492..................................... 93 33 493..................................... 93 38 494..................................... 93 40 495..................................... 93 29 496..................................... 93 23 497..................................... 93 23 498..................................... 93 24 499..................................... 93 24 500..................................... 93 20 501..................................... 93 19 502..................................... 93 16 503..................................... 93 21 504..................................... 93 23 505..................................... 93 24 506..................................... 93 22 507..................................... 93 18 508..................................... 93 21 509..................................... 95 18 510..................................... 95 20 511..................................... 95 15 512..................................... 96 11 513..................................... 95 10 514..................................... 96 8 515..................................... 95 7 516..................................... 95 7 517..................................... 95 7 518..................................... 95 6 519..................................... 96 6 520..................................... 96 6 521..................................... 83 6 522..................................... 56 6 523..................................... 58 6 524..................................... 72 54 525..................................... 94 51 526..................................... 93 42 527..................................... 93 42 528..................................... 93 31 529..................................... 93 25 530..................................... 93 21 531..................................... 93 17 532..................................... 93 15 533..................................... 93 15 534..................................... 93 16 535..................................... 93 15 536..................................... 93 14 537..................................... 93 15 538..................................... 93 16 539..................................... 94 15 540..................................... 93 45 541..................................... 93 45 542..................................... 93 41 543..................................... 93 33 544..................................... 93 26 545..................................... 93 21 546..................................... 93 20 547..................................... 93 17 548..................................... 93 16 549..................................... 93 17 550..................................... 93 16 551..................................... 93 14 552..................................... 93 16 553..................................... 93 15 554..................................... 93 14 555..................................... 93 16 556..................................... 93 15 557..................................... 93 14 558..................................... 93 13 559..................................... 93 14 560..................................... 93 14 561..................................... 93 15 562..................................... 93 17 563..................................... 93 17 564..................................... 93 22 565..................................... 93 22 566..................................... 93 19 567..................................... 93 19 568..................................... 93 20 569..................................... 93 18 570..................................... 93 20 571..................................... 93 20 572..................................... 93 42 573..................................... 93 32 574..................................... 93 25 575..................................... 93 26 576..................................... 93 23 577..................................... 93 21 578..................................... 93 23 579..................................... 93 19 580..................................... 93 21 581..................................... 93 20 582..................................... 93 20 583..................................... 93 20 584..................................... 93 18 585..................................... 93 18 586..................................... 93 21 587..................................... 93 19 588..................................... 93 21 589..................................... 93 19 590..................................... 93 19 591..................................... 93 18 592..................................... 93 18 593..................................... 93 17 594..................................... 93 16 595..................................... 93 16 596..................................... 93 15 597..................................... 93 16 598..................................... 93 19 599..................................... 93 52 600..................................... 93 45 [[Page 51211]] 601..................................... 95 39 602..................................... 95 39 603..................................... 95 39 604..................................... 95 39 605..................................... 94 30 606..................................... 95 30 607..................................... 95 29 608..................................... 95 24 609..................................... 94 30 610..................................... 95 28 611..................................... 94 25 612..................................... 94 29 613..................................... 95 32 614..................................... 95 33 615..................................... 95 44 616..................................... 99 37 617..................................... 98 27 618..................................... 98 19 619..................................... 98 13 620..................................... 98 11 621..................................... 98 9 622..................................... 98 7 623..................................... 98 7 624..................................... 98 6 625..................................... 98 6 626..................................... 98 6 627..................................... 98 5 628..................................... 69 6 629..................................... 49 5 630..................................... 51 5 631..................................... 51 5 632..................................... 51 5 633..................................... 51 6 634..................................... 51 6 635..................................... 51 6 636..................................... 51 6 637..................................... 51 5 638..................................... 51 5 639..................................... 51 5 640..................................... 51 5 641..................................... 51 6 642..................................... 51 6 643..................................... 51 6 644..................................... 51 6 645..................................... 51 5 646..................................... 51 6 647..................................... 51 5 648..................................... 51 6 649..................................... 51 5 650..................................... 96 35 651..................................... 95 29 652..................................... 95 26 653..................................... 95 31 654..................................... 95 34 655..................................... 95 29 656..................................... 95 29 657..................................... 95 30 658..................................... 95 24 659..................................... 95 19 660..................................... 95 23 661..................................... 95 21 662..................................... 95 22 663..................................... 95 19 664..................................... 95 18 665..................................... 95 20 666..................................... 94 60 667..................................... 95 48 668..................................... 95 39 669..................................... 95 36 670..................................... 95 27 671..................................... 95 22 672..................................... 95 19 673..................................... 95 22 674..